Conserved Molecular Mechanisms that Modulate Olfactory Information Processing and their relationship to Human Diseases

Integration of olfactory system information aids in understanding how olfaction can be studied for humans through model organisms. Drosophila melanogaster is useful in representing the basic circuitry of the olfactory system in studying foraging behavior, comparable to humans, through molecules such as insulin, Neuropeptide F, and short Neuropeptide F. The main question was what model organism most appropriately represents similar olfactory modulation to humans in studying diabetes and obesity. Rodents were found to be most representative of human disease states. The molecular importance of leptin and high-sugar diets for diabetes and of leptin and Neuropeptide Y for obesity presents rodents as effective model organisms to studying diabetes and obesity. Further studies will focus on performing rodent research with nasal insulin as a treatment for type 2 diabetes

Regulatory Science Education: The Need for Generalization

Ever since the beginning of regulatory science, the need for relevant education has been recognized. However, after the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) officially recognized regulatory science, several universities have developed educational programs. This paper provides the results of a study to evaluate the existing education programs on regulatory science. The study identifies the generic definition of regulatory science, consisting of applied version of various scientific disciplines used in the regulatory process. The study found that the educational programs in regulatory science largely dealt with compliance with FDA regulations. In many cases, the programs used the term "regulatory affairs" to describe the regulations and how to comply with them. Based on the experience at Georgetown University, the study provides an outline for regulatory science education. The proposed educational program consists of: 1) approximately 10 topics that are relevant to most, if not all, regulatory science disciplines; 2) a summary of various regulatory science disciplines; and 3) education in specific regulatory science disciplines. https://doi.org/10.21423/jrs-v08moghiss